[BS] Q.6) Define plasma protein. Types of plasma protein with their normal values.

Ans.  Protein remains in plasma is called plasma protein.
 Types of plasma proteins:

Major plasma proteins	Normal values (g/dl)
Albumin	4.8
Globulin	2.3
Fibrinogen	0.3
Prothrombin	0.1

[BS] Q.5) Properties of blood :

1. Color: Red (due to Hb).
2. Taste: Salty (due to presence of inorganic salts).
3. PH: 7.35 to 7.45
4. Specific gravity: 1.052 to 1.063
5. Viscosity: Blood is 5 times more viscous than H2O.
6. Osmotic pressure: 25mmHg.
7. Osmolality : 300mosm/L.
8. Volume : 5 to 6 liters.

[BS] Q.4) Composition of blood:

A) Formed elements (45%) :

-RBC, WBC, Platelet’s

WBC is divided into granulocytes (Neutrophil, Eosinophil,Basophil) and granulocytes(Lymphocyte, Monocyte)

B) Plasma (55%) :

a) H2O

b) Solid:

1. Organic : Plasma proteins(albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, prothombin ), Glucose, Fructose, Amino acid, Phospholipids, Cholesterol, Urea, uric acid, Creatinine, NH3, Antibody, Enzymes, Vitamins, Hormones, Bilirubin, Biliverdin.
2. Inorganic: Anions (SO4, PO4, HCO3, etc.), Cations ( Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe ).
3. Gaseous substances (N2,O2,CO2).

[BS] Q.3) Functions of blood:

1. Transport of respiratory gasses (O2 , CO2 , N2).
2. Transport of nutrition’s such as glucose, amino acid, fatty acids etc.
3. Excretion of metabolic waste products such as urea, uric acid, creatinine from tissue to kidneys.
4. Blood has HCO3, Hb, PO4, protein buffer system to maintains buffering activity as well as maintain acid base balance.
5. Transport of hormones.
6. Take part in defense activity of body with the help of WBC.
7. Take part in blood coagulation with the help of platelets.
8. Maintains plasma colloidal osmotic pressure by the help of plasma proteins.
9. Maintains water and electrolytes balance.

[BS] Q.2) Why Blood is called connective tissue ?

Ans.

1.  It is mesodermal in origin.
2.  Inter cellular substances( plasma) is maxi.( 55%) and cellular substances (RBC,WBC,Platelets) is mini. (45%)
3.  It is liquid in nature but other connective tissue is hard in nature.

[BS] Q.1) What is Blood ?

Ans. Blood is a specialized fluid form of connective tissue composed of plasma and formed elements (RBC, WBC, Platelets) which circulates through cardiovascular system of the body.

ROUTINE FOR 2ND PROF

ROUTINE FOR 1ST PROF

[GP] Q.14. What is Triple response ?

Ans. When the skin is stroked more firmly with a pointed instrument, there is reddening at the site (red reaction), then swelling (wheal) and diffuse, mottled reddening around the injury. This redness spreading out from injury (flare).

The initial redness is due to capillary dilation.

The swelling is due to increased capillaries and post capillary venules.

The redness spreading (flare) is due to arteriolar dilation.

This three part response, the red reaction, wheal, flare is called triple response.

[GP] Q.13. What is Rigor Mortis ?

Ans. Several hours after death, all the muscles of the body go into a state of contracture called rigor mortis; that is the muscles contract and become rigid, even without action potentials. This rigidity results from loss of all the ATP, which is need to cause separation of cross bridges from the actin filaments during the relaxation process.

[GP] Q.12. What is Motor unit ?

Ans. All the muscle fibers innervated by a single nerve fiber are called a motor unit.

[GP] Q.11. What is excitation-contraction coupling ?

Ans. The skeletal muscle fiber is so large that action potentials spreading along it’s surface membrane but almost no current (impulse) flow deep within the fiber. Yet, to cause maximum muscle contraction, current (impulse) must penetrate deeply into the muscle fiber to the vicinity of the separate myofibrils and this is achieved by transmission of action potentials along transverse tubules (T tubules) that penetrate all the way through the muscle fiber from one side of the fiber to the other side. Then these action potentials cause release of calcium ions inside the muscle fiber and these calcium ions then cause contraction.
This overall process is called excitation-contraction coupling. 

[GP] Q.9. What is Myasthenia Gravis?

Ans. It is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack the acetylcholine-gated sodium ion channels, so, enough nerve signals can’t passes from nerve fibers to muscle fibers of a neuromuscular junction, then muscle paralysis occurs. It is about 1 in every 20,000 presons.
 

[GP] Q.8. What is end plate potential ?

Ans. When action potential travels through a motor nerve fiber ending(pre synaptic membrane),then it causes release of neurotransmitter. Then neurotransmitter bind with receptors of the post synaptic membrane and causes depolarization of post synaptic membrane of a neuromuscular junction. It is called end plate potential.

[GP] Q.7. Types of carrier protein:

• a) Uniport : They transport only 1 substance.
• b) Symport(co transport) : Movement of two substances in same direction across membrane by carrier protein( example: Na+ glucose co transport, Na+ amino acid co transport.)
• c) Antiport(counter transport) : Movement of two substances in opposite direction across membrane by carrier protein( example :  Na⁺-K⁺ pump, Na⁺-H⁺ pump)

[GP] Q.6.) Difference between active & passive transport.

Ans. Active transport(primary active trasport & secondery active transport):S

1.Carrier protein needed.

2.Utilization of energy.

3.Enzyme needed.

4.Substances moves against concentration gradient(i.e.from lower to higher conc.).

5.Substances moves against electrochemical gradient.

Passive transport(osmosis & diffusion):

1. 1.Usually no need of Carrier protein(except faciliated diffusion).S

2. No need of energy.

3.Substances moves along the electrochemical gradient. (i.e.from higher to lower conc.).

General Physiology [ Day-2 ]

Q.3) What is Glycocalyx? What is it's function ?

 Ans. Outer surface of the cell membrane has a loose carbohydrate coat-called glycocalyx.It is negatively charge.

Functions:

1.One cell attached to another cell by glycocalyx.

2.It repel all negatively charged ions.

3.Acts as receptors for binding of hormones.

4.It take part in immune system.

Q.4) Name the Cell membrane proteins with their functions ?

Ans.There are two types of cell membrane proteins:

1.Integral protein

2.Peripheral protein

Functions:

1.Integral protein:

a) Acts as ion channels.

b)Acts as pumps e.g.Na⁺-k⁺ pump.

c)Acts as enzymes e.g.Na⁺-k⁺ ATPase.

d)Acts as Receptors.

2.Peripheral protein:

a)Acts as Acts as enzymes.

b)Acts as Receptors.

Q.5)What is Chromosome, Gene, Transcription, Translation ?

Ans. a) Chromosome:(chroma=color and soma=body).

Thread like darkly stained structures within the nucleus which carry

genetic information is called chromosome. Total number of chromosome =46 (autosome22 pairs, sex chromosome 1 pair).It consist of the following substances:

1.DNA

2.RNA

3.Basic protein histone

4.Non protein substances

b) Gene:

It is the portion of DNA and unit of heredity, lies within the chromosome.

c) Transcription:

It is the process in which genetic information is transmitted from

DNA to mRNA on the DNA strands by the enzyme RNA

polymerase.

d) Translation:

It is the process of formation of protein molecule by mRNA on

ribosome. In this process transmission of genetic information

occurs from mRNA to protein.

General Physiology [ Day-1 ]

Q-1 ) What is adaptive control ?
 Ans : Some movements of the body occur so rapidly that there is not enough time for nerve signals to travel from the peripheral parts of the body all the way to the brain and then back to the periphery again to control the movement then the brain uses a principle called feed-forward control to cause required muscle contractions. That is, sensory never signals from the moving parts apprise (inform) the brain whether the movement is performed correctly. If not, the brain corrects the feed-forward signals that it sends to the muscles the next time the movement is need. Then, if still further correction is needed, this will be done again for subsequent movements. This called adaptive control.
Adaptive control, in a sense, is delayed negative feedback system.

Q-2 ) What is Automaticity ?
Ans : Our body is made up of about 100 trillion cells organized into different functional structures which known as organs. Each functional structure (organ) contributes its share to the maintenance of homeostatic conditions in the extra-cellular fluid (such as respiratory system maintenance of O2,CO2 conc. GIT provides glucose, amino acid, fatty acid and other nutrients, kidney systems provides electrolytes ), which is called the internal environment. Each cell benefits from homeostasis, and in turn, each cell contributes its share toward the maintenance of homeostasis. As long as normal condition are maintained in this internal environment, the cells of the body continue to live and function properly. So this is called Automaticity.